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Self Gravity Dictates Biological Growth
Gravity Dictates Life Death and Biological Growth
Self Gravitation Bio
Biomechanics of Intrinsic Gravity
Introduction
Biomechanics is the science concerned with the action of forces, internal or external, on the living body1. Biological masses are under influence of both intrinsic and extrinsic forces of gravity. Comparative impacts of extrinsic forces of gravity of earth as well as of micro-gravity, as available in space, are being studied on living organisms2. As regard intrinsic gravity no study has yet been undertaken. Self gravitation bio, a new academic discipline in life science is aimed at understanding the biomechanics or in other words manifestation of intrinsic gravity in biomass3-9 either exclusively or in conjunction with extrinsic gravity. The Biophysical Society (USA) has listed ‘Self Gravitation Bio’10, under a new area of expertise of its members in their catalogue of academic disciplines in 2008.
Background
Gravity is the basic binding force of the universe. The Principal Investigator (I.R.Bhattacharjee) has come out with a conjecture on binding force and biological particle hierarchy. The binding forces at sub-atomic and up to compound levels are nuclear and electromagnetic forces respectively. Biology starts with accumulation of ‘mass’ at organelles or cell level beyond compound level. Self gravity is proposed to be the binding force for the mass at such levels of biological particle pyramid.
Recent research in particle physics at distance scales below 100 µm with the universe’s smallest building blocks in relation to cosmology, have renewed interest on gravity at miniature scale11,12. It is now doubted that the weakness of gravity at the tabletop may not be an intrinsic property. The gravity may have “compact extra dimensions at short range” that may explain why gravity is presumed to be so much weaker as short range forces than the other forces in nature when measured in three spatial dimensions (space-time)at miniature scale. Despite excellent confirmation of both Newtonian and Einsteinium gravitational theories at large length scales, the force of gravity at sub-millimeter length scales has not been fully explored. So group of scientists are busy in measuring and observing the effects of extra dimensions in the micron range at scales larger than the compactification radius of the gravity. The Newton’s inverse-square law would be valid if there is no additional dimension. However, if there are two additional dimensions, the dependence of the gravitational force would change from 1/r2 to 1/r4, or the gravitational potential could take the following form:
Biological materials are mostly non-Newtonian rheological substance. If dividing by 1/r2 is a small number, dividing by 1/r4 (twice of 1/r2) can make the corresponding gravitational force much stronger. Particle physicists have not yet thought of utilizing biological materials as medium of experimentation for exploring gravity at micron or nano scale in non-Newtonian field.
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1 Definition compiled by members of the NSCORT Journal Club and organized and edited by Dr. Nicolle Zellner: Center for Studies
of Origins of Life, Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst., Troy, NY 12180:[1].
2 Morey-Holton, E.R.(press): Gravity shapes life: The Impact of Gravity on Life. In: Evolution on Planet Earth: The impact of the
Physical Environment, edited by L. Rothschild and A. Lister, New York: Academic Press.
3. Biomechanics of Intrinsic Gravity. Wikipedia. 2007 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics_of_intrinsic_gravity )
4. Bhattacharjee, I.R. Self-Gravity Dictates Biological Growth - In Myth or In Reality?. Proc. 6th International Conference On
Biological Physics & 5th Southern Cone Biophysics Congress (ICBP 2007), 27-31 August, Montevideo, Uruguay (2007)
5. Bhattacharjee, I.R. Biomechanics of Intrinsic gravity: Self-Gravity Dictates Biological Growth. Proc. Joint 52nd Annual Meeting
of the Biophysical Society and 16th IUPAB International Biophysics Congress, 2-6 February, Long Beach, California,
USA) (2008)
6. Bhattacharjee, I.R. Thoughts on biomechanics of intrinsic gravity: Proc. 96th Indian Science Congress Part II (Abstracts) Section
XII (45): New Biology (including Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology & Biotechnology) p38: 3-7 January,
Shillong, Meghalaya (2009)
7. Bhattacharjee, I.R. Gravity Dictates Life-Death and Biological Growth (also agricultural productivity): Proc. 76th Ind. Sc. Cong.
Part IV: Section IV: Agricultural Sciences.24. (1989)
8. Bhattacharjee, I.R. Gravity Dictates Life-Death and Biological Growth (also agricultural productivity) Introductory Concept.
Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers, New Delhi (1988).
9. Bhattacharjee, I.R., Rajan Kashyap and Shaptadvipa B. Intrinsic gravity versus metabolically inert infrastructure and basal
metabolic rate in living mass: Proc. 7th European Biophysics Congress 11 -15 July, Genoa, Italy (2009)
10. Biophysical Society 2008 Membership Directory. p.177. 2008
11. Newman, R: Current searches for non-Newtonian gravity at Sub-mm Distance Scales. Matters of Gravity 15, p18, (2000)
12. Chiaverini,J, Smullin,S.J, Geraci,A.A, Weld,D.M, Kapitulnik,A: New Experimental Constraints on Non-Newtonian Forces
below 100 microns in High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph): Phys.Rev.Lett. 90:151101:arXiv: hep-
ph/0209325v3 (2003)
I. Self gravitational mimicisms in biomass
Self gravitational mimicisms have been observed by the Principal Investigator (I.R.Bhattacharjee) in various biological phenomena, some of which are isolated as descriptive model below:
• 1. Bounds of self gravity: Gravitational force is a function of the radial distance from the core. For effective separation from its surroundings and to maintain a internal environment that differs from the outside, boundary is therefore a condition for a living cell or organelle. Mass of the living organisms are enclosed in a defined structure called biomembrane which is a lipid bilayer, composed of a double layer of lipid-class molecules, specifically phospholipids, with occasional proteins intertwined. All animal cells are composed mainly of a protein called actin (often referred to as one of the muscle proteins). Actin is a polymer of polymers. Globular actin polymerizes and stabilizes to form semi-rigid filamentous actin which exists in high concentrations in the cell cortex. The cell cortex gives the cells their rigidity, while its deformation plays a crucial role in helping the cells to move along surfaces.
• In case of plants, the situation is little different. Ferulic acid (Trans-4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid) a phenolic compound is present in the plant cell wall. It promotes the formation of side bonds between different chains in the polymer cell wall, which increases the adhesion between neighbouring components. Cross-linking provides good "sticking power" between the primary cell walls. The capacity of adhesion of plant cells with more rigidity and strength has made all the difference in morphology of plant and animal. Direct effect of geophysical force predominates in the expression of the root development of plant making the plant symmetry of a cone in contrast to bilateral symmetry in animals.
• Spacing is an important agronomic requirement for plants. Optimum spacing between mango trees (say, one ton each) is 6 meter whereas in case of rice plants (say, 500 gram each) require 15 cm. Plant spacing is determined by the mass and in turn governed by the law of gravitation.
• Traditionally rice farmers put two to three rice seedlings in a bunch while transplanting in the main field, keeping 15-25 cm isolation between bunches. After the end of vegetative phase or at the end of reproductive phase, one can notice that the canopy of three seedlings coalesce and form a single top-round canopy spherical geometry. Why the middle one gets taller than the neighboring two on synchronization? All rice plants are of same age and same genetic constitution. Nutrient availability is also same for all plants, since they are in the same spatial zone of the soil. Bending of plants towards source of light under indoor condition or the effective spectral region triggering phototropism in between 350-500 nm i.e. the blue region of the spectrum is also not found to be beyond the threshold limit under such open field condition. How unconnected seedlings develop in orchestrated manner with common understanding that middle one will be finally taller than the plants positioned in its side? It is generally argued that surface tension is responsible for forming spherical water bubble, as sphere tends to occupy the minimum surface area. It cannot be due to surface tension, as these plants are not inter-connected physically. Introduction of the concept of self-gravity (intrinsic) and its interaction with earth’s gravity (extrinsic) possibly can crack the mystery behind such phenomena. Let us think that the two neighboring plants attract each other, as if they are situated within the sphere of individual’s gravitational field or within gravity barrier. Position of centers of individual self-gravity seems goes on changing with consecutive accumulation of mass. The resultant force operating at different angles involving self-gravity (variation may be due to any local perturbing effect) and its interaction with extrinsic gravity, possibly pulls down the canopy of the neighboring plants to a single spherical entity with taller plant in the middle.
• 2. Centre of self gravity: Dynamic centre of mass (as if entire mass in the sphere of influence concentrated at a point). In thirty one day human embryo, heart occupies the central position. Position of the centre of intrinsic gravity goes on changing over time. Abdominal or central obesity is the accumulation of visceral fat resulting in an increase in waist size. There is a strong correlation between central obesity and cardiovascular disease. The specific cause of central distribution of fat is not well understood. Body Mass Index (BMI) {= Weight (kg) / Height (m)2 value between 25 and 29.9 and greater than or equal to 30 are defined as "overweight" and "obesity" respectively. Body mass index (BMI), based on height, weight (quantity of gravitational mass?) and age (capacity to generate metabolic energy?) is considered as index of human health. Concept of manifestation of self gravity could be fitted well to describe the phenomena. Distinguishing feature of living system is that at early stages of growth, its mass remains in a colloidal system which forms gel in presence of attractive interactions including gravitational compression. Gravitational stress increases in the settling direction under the attractive interactions of the self gravity and extrinsic (say earth) gravity, the resultant force of all components decides the final outcome.
• Nucleoid in prokaryote and nucleolis or nucleus in eukaryote- all are made of swarm of macromolecules and therefore lies in the central position due to inward attraction of self gravity at the initial stage of cell growth. Biological macromolecules subsequently become lighter than the equivalent volume of cytoplasmic fluid due to concentration of salts, matrix and therefore float away to the outward periphery from the central position of self gravity due to side thrust generated by the co-moving denser fluids.
• ‘Crowdedness’ i.e. higher mass per unit volume is a term often used to describe denseness or compactness of particle in the biomechanics of cytoplasm, nucleus, or other cellular or extracellular environments,. For instance ‘macromolecular crowding’ phenomena dramatically affects cellular processes such as protein folding and assembly, regulation of metabolic pathways, and condensation of DNA. Diffusional movement of particles, such as macromolecules in the cytoplasm strongly decreases with an increasing radius of the tracked particle like various macromolecules, leaving particles with a radius >25–30 nm immobile. This kind of diffusion is known as anomalous subdiffusion and has been found in many different contexts in living cells; e.g., for the movement of lipids on model membranes, integral membrane proteins on organellar membranes and proteins in the nucleoplasm, solute transport in porous media, and the translocation of polymers. This anomalous subdiffusion has been shown to strongly influence the formation of spatiotemporal patterns as well as kinetic rates and the time course of enzymatic reactions. Thus it can be seen that in heterogeneous solution like cytoplasm such molecular crowding gives rise to an obstacle-rich environment having various degrees of anomality. Crowding contribute significantly to the high viscosity of the cytoplasm, a concentrated protein/sugar solution. So far little attention is paid to the periodic shift in the volume of the membrane bound cell or structure. Weiss et al (2004) 13 provided strong evidence that molecular crowding causes anomalous subdiffusion in the cytoplasm of living cells. They also pointed out that such anomaly persists for intermediate times and that normal diffusion is reencountered for asymptotically large times. Such asymptotic i.e. renormalization behavior during the range of time or sequence with recurrent trough and crest events in iteration of the cytoplsmic molecules, though may be complicated, deserves to be studied in the light of self gravitational wave.{Ref: 13. Weiss Matthias, Markus Elsner, Fredrik Kartberg, and Tommy Nilsson. Anomalous Subdiffusion Is a Measure for Cytoplasmic Crowding in Living Cell. Biophysical Journal.:87: 3518–3524: (2004)}
• 3. Isostatic balance i.e. balances between lighter and heavier mass in relation to centre of self-gravity is a common phenomenon in all gravitating bodies including earth. Subduction in an area is compensated by formation of mountain on other side due to action of self gravity of the earth. In biological growth, isostatic balance seems to happen around self-gravity, (ignoring minor circumstantial exceptions). Head (especially back) consists of solid mass of brain, muscle, and bone which is much heavier (greater specific gravity) than water on equal volume basis or than of bone and muscle or fatty and air-containing body tissues. As chest and abdominal cavity are mostly fat and air, shoulder blades could buoyed up above the surface by the air filled lungs readily than head or legs (consist mostly of bone and muscle) during swimming. During and after embryonic growth, brain’s higher weight is compensated by continued growth towards human leg- an isostatic balancing act of self gravity around central position.
• A type of compensatory mechanism play in plant growth. ‘Mass balance’ i.e. matching change in export from the source leaves to roots, grain etc., is a term used in plant science to explain sustained carbon fluxes out of a source leaf that is equal the capacity of the sinks to utilize it. During the day, carbohydrate export from a source leaf is partially independent of the photosynthetic rate. Plant scientists could not yet ascertain about the signals linking sources and sinks coupling. Effect of warming and cooling of roots, fruits and other factors do not show consistent result. A characteristic element of phloem, which functions in the transport of food materials, such as sugars and proteins, synthesized within a plant. The general belief is that a change in source supply or sinks demand results in local changes in sieve tube solute concentration which alters the hydrostatic pressure gradient linking source and sink, resulting in changes in flow. A sieve-tube consists of elongated, thin-walled, living cells arranged in a longitudinal row and forming a connected series by means of perforations in their walls through which pass strands of cytoplasm. Both the solute concentration and hydrostatic pressure have the potential of acting as a signal. Smith and Milburn (1980) found that phloem loading responds to changes in sieve tube turgor. Minchin et al (2002) pointed out that differences in the degree of source–sink coupling can probably be attributed to the amount of buffering capacity available within the source, sink and the linking phloem pathway. It is contemplated that phloem loading of (solute-regulated) nutrients would be dependent on the magnitude of pressure of self gravity. With higher gravitation pressure, volume of phloem path would decrease, where as lower pressure of self gravity in phloem path would change the sieve tube turgor and hydrostatic pressure gradient- resulting in higher flow of nutrients.
• Shoot-root ratio is considered an indicator for plant health in terms of growth, survival, mortality and tolerance to stress condition. Among the yield components of cereal crop like rice, higher tillering per plant is counterbalanced by decrease in other yield components like length of panicle or number of grains per panicle or decrease in individual grain size. It seems that after starch synthesis, carbon partitioning and phloem loading is due to compensatory balance of self gravity. Due to mass balance in plants root growth dominates during early period followed by shoot growth. Roots are comparatively denser than shoot on equal volume basis.
• 4. Contraction-expansion phase in gravitating bodies Kelvin-Helmholtz14,15 contraction hypothesis states that continued contraction of the Sun under its own gravity generates energy for radiation, converting gravitational energy into kinetic energy which turns to radiation energy. Describing equation of stellar structure, Sir Arthur Eddington states that the Sun or a star is held in equilibrium under the opposing forces of gravity and internal pressure. In various biological systems, there are mimics of contraction-expansion phenomena, though actual reason is yet not yet ascertained. If circadian or ultradian rhythms (that control such body functions as heart rate, breathing, swallowing and contraction of the intestines) are allowed to be considered as of electromagnetic or genetic origin, mass related contraction and expansion in biological mass remain unanswered.
• Contraction-expansion phase in embryonic growth sequence viz. zygote and morula as contraction phase and cleavage and blastula as expansion phase in the order: zygote (shrinking phase) - cleavage (rapid rates of division) - morula (antagonism phase between periods of rapid cell division and cell movement) - blastula (cells in centre begin to lose contact with one another and a central fluid-filled cavity, the blastocoel forms).
• Biological growth rate {lag phase (slow growth), log or exponential phase (period of maximum growth), senescent phase (declining growth) and steady phase (stationary growth). Growth period in human includes five stages viz. prenatal, infantile, early childhood, juvenile and adolescent plus post-adolescent. Rapid growth in prenatal and puberty period- Retarded growth in juvenile and post-adolescent periods followed by little or no growth after the post-adolescent period.
• In plant, growth occurs in three steps or phases viz. formative, enlargement and differentiation. In annual plants, after rapid sprouting stage of seed, there is retardation. Growth increases slowly till mature seedling stage. Thereafter there is rapid growth up to most active tillering stage after which the growth slows down coinciding vegetative lag-phase. The growth rate again increases and then finally decelerates-ceasing when generative growth phase ends.
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14 Patrick G. J. Irwin (2003). Giant Planets of Our Solar System: Atmospheres, Composition, and Structure. Springer. ISBN 3540006818.; 15. Narlikar, J.V: The Lighter Side of Gravity. 1-188. (1982).
• 5. Convectional flow and bilateral symmetry in vertebrate body patterns is an interesting living phenomenon. The explanation of the developmental genetics 15 is that “bilateral symmetry is ‘necessary’ for balance with respect to gravity and for coping with resistance by the medium-air, water or the land surface through or over which the animal moves”. Such explanation is difficult to digest considering ‘other necessities’ of the animal for coping with nature like having ‘third eye for visibility of the rear scenario or a hand in the back side for multipurpose works’. Such hypothetical explanation cannot be accepted as there should be a physical cause for each and every development. {Ref: 15. Pritchard, D.J: Foundations of Developmental Genetics.15-285.(1986)}
• Though dictated by gravity, the earth is not completely round or spherical; there are continents, ridges, trenches, ocean and mountains. The British geologist Arthur Holmes was among the first to propose that thermal convection active in the mantle of the solid earth as the driving mechanism for continental drift, the evolution of oceanic ridges and trenches, formation of mountains and other geo-morphological structural features of the earth. The modern unified theory based on convection flow provides explanations for almost all the major crustal processes of the earth. In biological system, mimicism in convectional flow has been observed.
• Before tissue hardening in plants or before formation of bones and cartilages in animals, a species pass through rheological fluid or soft condensed matter state. Stored chemical energy in the living cells may provide requisite heat energy. Similar to development of geomorphic structural features of gravitating body like earth due to convectional currents, thermal convection active in the embryo can be thought to be the driving mechanism for development of bilateral symmetry.
• Sequence of morphogenic development in animals. During gastrulation phase of embryonic development in animals, there are two or more layers of cells. These are ectoderm externally, the mesoderm next to this and the endoderm on the inside. The rearrangements by which these germinal layers come to occupy these positions vary considerably between animal groups. The ectoderm is the origin of the epidermis and the nervous system, the mesoderm is the source of muscles, the circulatory system, the lining of the body cavities and sex organs, excretory system and most of the skeletons. The endoderm forms the gut and its associated digestive glands and a variety of other organs. It is possible that at certain temperature difference between inner and outer, more specifically between different layers of cells in the germinal layers, the motion of the rheological fluids (now designated as soft condense matter in physics)of the embryo sets in, as the thermal expansion lowers the density of the inner fluid from the neighbouring portion. Warmer and comparatively lighter fluid produces a fountain type convectional flow pattern within the bounds of self gravity, depending upon respective polymeric constitution and rheological (soft condensed matter) property of the fluid. At neurula stage, the ectoderm gives rise to the central nervous system in convectional flow pattern. Sensory organs and the brain are connected at the fore-end. Mesoderm gives rise to a regular flow of circuit in blood vascular system in a convectional manner. Other organs including limbs, eyes are formed in same convectional manner. Formation of irregular shaped vertebral column after solidification, however, due to ‘melt fracture instability’ i.e. extrusion flow instability occurs when the velocity of macromolecular fluid flowing in a tube exceeds a certain value16. As such it can be said that bilateral symmetry in animals is a ‘slow flow’ phenomena induced by convectional transport of bio-polymeric fluids around the bounds of self gravity. {Ref: 16. Tanner, R.I: Engineering rheology- (Oxford Engineering Science Series).1-434. (1985)}.
• Since gravitational stress is more in the centre and the breaking point of a closed system lies at the weakest point, incidence of cerebro-vascular accident or ‘stroke’ is with the elderly people alone, as the disproportionate increase in potential energy leading intracranial vascular lesions cause damage at the farthest point from the centre (pump house) under closed circuit of blood flow. An air filled pressurized cylindrical balloon gets cracks at the farthest point and not at the centre.
• Why percent increase in growth decreases with age in living bodies?- Growth means increase in mass per unit time. Biological growth could be by an increase in the number of cells (hyperplasia) or by an increase in cell size (hypertrophy). Irrespective of the expression, growth means increase in mass. A more precise description of growth can be made by considering the percentage increase in weight rather than absolute increase. For example, an increase of 1.65 kg in a child weighing 8 kg is more rapid than an increase of 4 kg in an adolescent youth weighing 40 kg in the same period of time, say in one year. In case of child, growth is 20% whereas in case of youth, growth is 10% within the same period of time. In contrast to the typical growth curve, the curve obtained by plotting percentage increase over the weight compared does not show period of maximum growth but rather shows that growth is more rapid in the earlier stages of life and tends to slow down throughout life. Though growth means a total increase in mass there is retardation in the percentage increase under the periodic scale of measurement. Had the growth been in uniform arithmetic progression, the child of 8 kg would have been 16 kg after first year, after second year 24 kg and after third year 32 kg and so on. In fact it does not happen. Why rate of growth decreases in spite of best nutrient supply? It is considered a puzzling feature in developmental genetics15 ‘how does genome appreciate that its activities need to be slowed down after the phenotypic task is over’. To bridge the gap in scientific understanding it is postulated that phenomena is due to building up of critical level of growth limiting substance at particular period of growth. Is it the sole answer to the question? It seems no, at least far better conjecture can be put forward. .
• Slowing down in the rate of growth by an unknown factor can be explained with the introduction of the concept of self-gravity. Gravitation force increases with increase in Newton’s mass. The gravitational mass is a ‘charge’: an object feels a gravitational force in proportion to its gravitational mass, just as it would feel an electromagnetic force in proportion to its electric charge. There would be an increase in gravitational force with increase in mass. During infant stage internal metabolic energy remains supreme over gravitational energy. With accumulation of mass on passage of time, energy of self-gravity would starts dominating over metabolic energy, thereby limiting the per cent increase in growth. Therefore, we can say that adults are in equilibrium between metabolic and gravitational energy where as infant and old are in non-equilibrium stage- former with higher metabolic energy and lesser gravitational energy and later is in its opposite.
• Such retardation in percentage increase is common to all gravitating stellar bodies of the universe, where internal pressure opposes self-gravity. Miniature size of the biological bodies seems do not show hindrance to mimic gravitation phenomena.
• In the present golden era of genetics, it is interesting to note that genetic sophistication of living species varies according to mass per unit volume of the biological structure i.e. genetic sophistication is a function of gravity. For instance, in bacteria and blue green algae, the nuclear material is not separated from the cytoplasm by a discrete membrane whereas it is so in majority of multi-cellular organisms. The entire virus consists primarily of viral genetic material enclosed within a proteinaceous envelope. Viroids, very small particles, appear to consist of genetic material alone and lack enclosing membranes. The prion which is about 100 times smaller than the smallest viruses contains a spherical shell of protein only. Prion can reproduce in the living cell, yet no DNA or RNA has been found in them. Self gravitation phenomena in living organisms, few of them detailed above, are common but remain un-noticed so far.
• Thus, in short, we can say that ‘life’ in a bounded biological structure works on the principle of balance between metabolic and gravitational energy22. When metabolic energy starts functioning away from central axis or equilibrium point on the floor of biomass that is gravitationally anchored at the centre, vibration energy is generated due to poorly balanced situation out of repeat cycle of force for a period and no force during subsequent period, compared to constant force of intrinsic gravity acting on biological structure. At such vibration state, biomass starts manifestation in an accelerated (non-constant velocity) reference frame as living organism, over or as mixture, along with co-moving non-accelerated reference frame (relatively stationary or at constant velocity; non-aligned or acting in opposite direction, in respect to biomass in accelerated reference frame or in respect to inertial reference frame, as per chronological sequence of growth order) of metabolically inert infrastructure (MII).
6. Interaction effects with extrinsic gravity, as reflected in space and evolutionary biology
• Withdrawal effect of inertial gravitational anchor: The effect of extrinsic gravity in relatively inertial reference frame is in fact not inertial. Its effect is significantly pronounced in every aspect of biological processes, as observed in various microgravity experiments in space. As all these results are now available in gravitation, space or astrobiology, we are not highlighting its importance in living organisms. We will be limiting our discussion on some interaction effect of intrinsic and extrinsic gravity. For instance, Holton17 pointed out that the human cardiovascular system consists of the “pump” (heart), “pipes” (blood vessels), and “control system” (nerves, hormones, and local factors). Fluid shift from the legs toward the head produces a puffy face and birdlike legs, when crews go into space. The increased chest fluid initially increases heart size (i.e., amount of blood), but regulatory mechanisms quickly kick in and return the fluid to an appropriate, lower level 18. Upon return to Earth, many crew members have difficulty standing, usually due to the rush of blood to the feet that can cause fainting 19. This re-adaptation to Earth’s gravitational force following spaceflight could pose a problem if crews are expected to stand and function normally immediately after landing on any planetary body.” {Ref: 17. Morey-Holton, E.R: The Impact of Gravity on Life. In: Evolution on Planet Earth: (ed) L. Rothschild and A. Lister, New York: Academic Press: 143-159 in 1-428(2003); 18. Alfrey CP, Udden MM, Leach-Huntoon C, Driscoll T, Pickett MH.: Control of red blood cell mass in spaceflight. Journal of Applied Physiology. 81:98-104(1996).; 19. Buckey JC, Jr., Gaffney FA, Lane LD, Levine BD, Watenpaugh DE, Wright SJ, Yancy CW, Jr., Meyer DM, Blomquist CG.: Central venous pressure in space. Journal of Applied Physiology 81:19-25 (1996)}.
• Here, one can visualize that due to operation of convectional flow from heart (pump) within the orbit of self-gravity, the net work of blood vessels in the lower portion get relaxed from stretched condition after withdrawal of extrinsic gravitation force of the inertial frame of reference, resulting in shift of fluids in upper body. Metabolically inert infrastructure in the non-accelerated reference frame no longer requires acting its defined pivotal role. In order to maintain isostatic balance within the bounds of self gravity, viscoelastic forces operating in the fluid swung into action to reorient the system, resulting in subsequent stability under spaceflight environment. Stability in macromolecular fluids, similarly, sets in on normalization of stress-strain relationship on return to earth after certain relaxation time. So unless the ‘self-gravity’ concept is not recognized, spaceflight phenomena may continue to remain a mystery.
• Adaptation of snakes after withdrawal of inertial gravitational anchor: Lillywhite20 suggested that tree snakes might be more gravity tolerant than the other snakes as it did not have to carry blood over as great a distance from the heart to the brain. He centrifuged the animals and found that the sea snake had the least gravity tolerance (i.e. fainting with increased gravity), the tree snake had the most, and the land snake was intermediate21. {Ref: 20. Lillywhite HB: Snakes, blood circulation and gravity. Scientific American. 256:92-98 (1988).21. Lillywhite HB, Ballard RE, Hargens AR, Rosenberg HI.: Cardiovascular responses of snakes to hypergravity. Gravitational and Space Biology Bull.10:145-152(1997)}.
• The position of heart is different among the snakes from the centre of self-gravity and not from brain. Brain is the farthest point from the central position, the centre of self-gravity. Advantage to overcome withdrawal effect of extrinsic gravity, therefore would lie with the snake whose pumping system (heart) lies farthest from the centre of self-gravity, as the highest magnitude of gravitational force of self-gravity would be at the central position, as if the entire mass of the sphere of influence would be concentrated at that point. Snake whose pumping system (heart) lies near the centre of self-gravity would automatically experience higher load than the snake whose heart is farthest from the centre under equal exposure to gravitational force. Hence, tree snakes could better adjust in microgravity.
• Interaction of intrinsic and extrinsic gravity in evolutionary processes: The evolution curve of the living species on earth is said to be of sigmoid shape. The biomass of living organisms increased over geologic period. Adaptation of organisms is closely linked with gravitational pull and push of the planet earth during the particular geologic period. For instance, life originated during Cambrian period of the Paleozoic era in the sea, when living organisms experienced lesser gravitational pressure under higher density of liquid medium (presence of salt in sea water). Present day world’s largest animal, the blue whale (209 tons & 33.5 m in weight and length respectively), therefore could continue to maintain the macro-size under buoyant force available in the sea. The giant size of the land animal like dinosaur (sauropods) during Mesozoic period seems correspond to lesser gravitational force due to peak rotational force of the earth. It is to be noted that after initial higher speed, the earth’s rotation has slowed down (and continues to slow down) mainly because of brakes applied by the moon due to tidal friction in the ocean. Consequently size of the evolutionary living species in the Earth is diminishing progressively along with slowing down of the Earth’s rotation because of increase in gravitational pull through geologic time.
II. Reference Frame to understand Self Gravitation Bio
The vital life process required for operation of self or intrinsic gravity could be understood by drawing three reference frames: one as accelerated frame for the part of biomass in the metabolic energy system, another for the part of biomass occupying metabolically inert infrastructure in the non-accelerated reference frame and last but not the least, the inertial reference frame.
• (i) Inertial reference frame: Before discussing first two reference frames, let us understand the inertial reference frame. It may normally be defined as steady state supporting structure, especially comprising rest part of the configuration of a multi-cellular organism on which observer wishes to examine manifestation of self gravity or multi-assembled structure (colony) of a single cell; or structure and organization of the whole of the biological body. The inertial reference frame may also embraces external gravitating configuration system of the planet earth including that of when placed in a micro-gravity or in space.
• Conjecture 1. The inertial reference frame is which provide immediate as well as distant steady state support to the self gravitating biomass at the instant point of time.
• (ii). Accelerated reference frame of the metabolic energy (ME): Generally ATP is called the energy currency for the Cell. The ATP is used for many cell functions including transport work, moving substances across cell membranes. It is also used for mechanical work, supplying the energy needed for muscle contraction. A major role of ATP is in chemical work, supplying the needed energy to synthesize the various types of macromolecules that the cell needs to exist. ATP is also used as an on-off switch both to control chemical reactions and to send messages. The shape of the protein chains is mostly determined by weak chemical bonds that are easily broken and remade. These chains can shorten, lengthen, and change shape in response to the input or withdrawal of energy, causing chain to become either active or inactive. The ATP molecule can bond to one part of a protein molecule, causing another part of the same molecule to slide or move slightly which causes it to change its conformation, inactivating the molecule. Subsequent removal of ATP causes the protein to return to its original shape, and thus it is again functional. The cycle can be repeated until the molecule is recycled, effectively serving as an on and off switch8,9. Both adding a phosphorus (phosphorylation) and removing a phosphorus from a protein (dephosphorylation) can serve as either an on or an off switch. Production of energy causes some movement or in other words, acceleration (change in velocity) in the biomass for which it may be considered to be in an accelerated reference frame.{Ref: 8. Bergman, Jerry. ATP: The Perfect Energy Currency for the Cell. Creation Research Society Quarterly.36, No. 1 (1999) ; 9. Hoagland, Mahlon and Bert Dodson. The way life works. p.104. Random House. New York (1995)}.
• Conjecture 2. Part of the biomass in the dynamic metabolic energy (ME) system can be designated as manifestation in an accelerated reference frame at the instant point of time.
• (iii) Location of the metabolic energy producing site: The central position in a gravitating system would be as if the entire mass in the sphere of influence would have been concentrated at that point, a distinguishable features of gravitational force from other basic forces viz. electromagnetic forces or any other local forces like surface tension, elastic forces etc. Such central point can be termed as equilibrium point. In biological system, this equilibrium point is not static, as process of accumulation and breakdown of energy (synonym ‘mass’) continue simultaneously. In prokaryotes ATP is produced both in the cell wall and in the cytosol by glycolysis. In eukaryotes most ATP is produced in chloroplasts (for plants), or in mitochondria (for both plants and animals). Locations of four basic methods of producing ATP are in bacterial cell walls, in the cytoplasm by photosynthesis, in chloroplasts, and in mitochondria.
• Conjecture 3. Energy producing organelles or sites is located generally away from the centre of self gravity of a cell or away from the central axis of the biomass in a reference frame at the instant point of time.
• (iv) Gravitational anchor: As self gravity possesses potential energy, gravity has the characteristic that it would act or anchor as if entire biomass is concentrated at the centre or at the equilibrium point. Vibration refers to mechanical oscillations about an equilibrium point. When biomass is anchored or pivoted at an equilibrium point and metabolic energy starts functioning on the floor of the biomass away from the equilibrium point, instability or in other words vibration energy could be generated due to poorly balanced situation (may be out of off-on repeat cycle of ATP and protein synthesis) for a period and no force during subsequent period compared to constant force of intrinsic gravity acting on the particular biological structure. At such instability, vibration or acceleration state, velocity of biomass would not remain constant. Biomass starts manifestation in an accelerated reference frame as living organism, over or as mixture, along with co-moving reference frames.
• A single cell is difficult to survive under natural condition without being self-gravitationally anchored or attaining steady state condition under multi-assembled single cell condition. A single cell can survive in isolated exceptional way, when it is pivoted over fluid or similar other substance, appropriately anchored. But this is not a generalized phenomenon. In plant tissue culture, unless a callus of say above 500 mg or suspension of cultures of say, 3-4 cubic centimeter (in terms of packed cell volume) is used, it is difficult to maintain continuity of life and growth from individual cells. Similarly in the final volume for cell culture, maintaining cell density as low as 3 x 105 to high of more than 10–15x 106 cells/ml of inoculums are required. Why a minimum mass is required for cell culture under multi-assembled single cell condition. There is a literary proverb that “A Rolling stone gathers no moss”. This is not only a literary proverb but based on scientific observation and fact of the commoners.
• Conjecture 4. Unless a biomass is anchored or pivoted in a steady state condition at the instant point of time through the action of self gravity, attainment of accelerated condition would be difficult. This is similar to frictional force (force resisting the relative motion of two surfaces in contact) between feet and ground in steady state condition required for smooth walking.
• (v). Metabolically inert infrastructure (MII) as structural support in non-accelerated reference frame: ‘Metabolically inert infrastructure’ (MII) 10 consists of body water, dissolved substances, mineral and organic deposits. It serves as storage of nutrients, transport and distribution of these materials. In an individual cell, for instance, cytoplasm has a gel-like appearance. It is composed mainly of water and also contains enzymes, salts, organelles, and various organic molecules. The cytoplasm helps to move materials around the cell and also dissolves cellular waste. Most of the cytosol or intracellular fluid (or cytoplasmic matrix) or extra cellular matrix (ECM) is water, which makes up about 70% of the total volume of a typical cell or aggregate of cells. It is well known that lighter substance float in the denser. Density is again influenced by volume. In living both the parameters remain in a dynamic condition. However in a density gradient closed (membrane bound) system of cell, cytoplasm provides requisite buoyant force (up-thrust against extrinsic gravity or side-thrust in case of self gravity), just as addition of salt in water helps an egg to float in plain water in a glass against gravitational attraction of the earth. In case of self-gravity system, increase in density of cytoplasm would increase the magnitude of motion resisting force that would keep various particles or organelles away from the central position, thereby minimizing the magnitude of self gravity over the biomass at particular period of time. Action of MII or similar other materials, in other words, can be viewed as similar to a buffer or damper between intrinsic and extrinsic gravitational attraction on the biological mass, or acting as if a cushioning substance to the biological macromolecules that could neutralize the incoming and outgoing net forces11. Thus we see that in unicellular organisms, cell’s environment- viz. a substratum beneath it, a liquid medium around it and neighboring cells beside it; whereas in multicellular organisms, aggregation of cells and tissues with sufficient intra and extra-cellular matrix in totality affect ‘life’. {Ref:10. Spaargaren, D.H. The problem of measuring the heat production of small aquatic animals Acta Biotheoretica. 42, (4). (1994)}.
• Therefore, let us redefine the role of metabolically inert infrastructure (MII) as if possessing a most distinguishing feature as a co-moving frame in a relatively non-accelerated condition in respect to biomass in the accelerated reference frame or in respect to inertial reference frame. As stated earlier, the inertial reference frame is supposed to be the supporting structure comprising rest part of the configuration of a multi-cellular organism or multi-assembled single cells or structure and organization of the whole of the biological body including external gravitating configuration system of the planet earth or when placed in a micro-gravity or in space. It is better to characterize supporting structure comprising rest part of the configuration of multi-cellular organization as first order, second order, third order and so on, depending on the chronological sequence of growth, development stage, sophistication, reinforcement and couplings of various forces.
• Conjecture 5. Depending upon diverse condition of living organisms encounter during growth and development, co-moving non-accelerated reference frame containing fluids or ‘redefined Metabolically Inert Infrastructure (MII)’ may act relatively stationary or at constant velocity, or may remain non-aligned or acting in opposite direction of the energized accelerated self gravitating biomass or of the steady state supporting inertial reference frame at the instant point of time. The feature can be compared to a football (in accelerated reference frame) played by a child inside a running railway coach that is relatively stationary i.e. in a non-accelerated, non-inertial reference frame compared to inertial reference in the ground.
• A few self evident facts can help to understand the role played by non-accelerated reference frame towards vital life process. For instance, (i) mucilaginous jelly which surrounds the embryo in amphibians such as frogs, toads as well as in insects seems to act as damper. (ii) Algae can not multiply unless they get an adequate depth of liquid media. (iii) Bacteria cannot survive outside the cultural media. (iv)Virus cannot survive without the support of any living host. (v) Transfer of a gene from one chromosome to other is to be carried through plasmid or bacteriophage which is said to act as vehicle. (vi)In biotechnologies, an enzyme is to be coated in a porous gel or fixed to a solid support which acts as media.(vii) For bacteria and yeast, small quantities of cells are usually grown on a solid support that contains substance usually a gel such as agar embedded in it, (xi)while large-scale cultures are grown with the cells suspended in a nutrient broth (liquid nutrient medium) or Luria Bertani medium (LB medium or Lysogeny Broth). (x)Liquid mediums are often mixed with agar and poured into petri dishes to solidify. These agar plates provide a solid medium on which microbes may be cultured. (xi) Cells derived from solid tissues require a surface. (xii) Adherent cultures cells can be grown on tissue culture plastic, which may be coated with extracellular matrix components. (xiii) The growth factors for animal cells are derived from animal blood, such as calf serum. (xiv) Suspension cultures such as cells that exist in the bloodstream indicate that they are suspended in the medium. (xv) Rapid volumetric growth of highly malignant multicellular (brain) tumors spheroid (MTS), say, glioblastoma is being studied in the laboratory using various gels, including polyacrylamide gels, collagen gels, and basement membrane gels which are considered as equivalent to in situ extracellular matrix (ECM) of the brain having similar mechanical stress at cell–substrate interface. (xvi) Organotypic cultures involve growing cells in a 3-dimensional environment as opposed to 2-dimensional culture dishes. This 3D culture system is biochemically and physiologically more similar to in vivo tissue. (xvii) Animal cells in culture are often grown on a flat surface to which they attach, and the medium is provided in a liquid form, which covers the cells. (xviii) In space (microgravity), three-dimensional layers of tissue can be grown on differentiation of cells. Lower pressure above and higher pressure below, at a point especially at the centre of biomass, due to fluid or gas, during the absence of inertial gravitational frame in microgravity allow biomass for multidirectional work leading to three dimensional layers of tissue. (xix)In higher animals, all vital organs of life-system, may it be heart, brain, liver, kidney etc. also seem require being in stable floatation equilibrium to deliver its desired metabolic activities. (xx) Fluids within amnion, for instance, provide a condition so that human embryo could get relief from extrinsic gravitational pressure through up thrust mechanism (Fig 3). (xxi) Intravenous drip of ‘isotonic saline’ to an ailing patient seems not only corrects disturbances in water and electrolytic balance but also provides buoyancy force to various life supporting organs or systems amidst gravitational pressure. Structural support to the biomass (biological macromolecules) in aggregate or as individual bits in non-accelerated reference frame therefore plays a vital role towards survival of all living organisms. The non-accelerated reference frame may be relatively stationary or at constant velocity; non-aligned or acting in opposite direction, in respect to biomass in accelerated reference frame or in respect to relatively inertial reference frame
• (vi) Differential reference frame for plant and animal: Unlike presence of flexible muscle protein (actin) in animal cell wall, inertia or laziness of matter is more in plant with the sticking property of ferulic acid in the cell wall. Plants externally get embedded in the soil. Geophysical forces in the inertial reference frame may dominate in external expression in contrast to reference frame for animal, as if they are mounted on a gimbal. This is similar to visualizing a boat surrounded by flowing water from the bank of the river. In case of plants, however, it could be similar to Eulerian description of frame on various cross sections or points. The Eulerian specification of flow field is not generally expressed in terms of external frame or in terms of co-moving body frame, but in a mixture. The intermediate frames, having their origin in common inertial frame acts in such a way that each one of them differs from the previous frame in an elemental direction or movement.
• Conjecture 6. Reference frame for grown up plant on getting embedded in the soil under geophysical condition may be different from that of animal, though at cellular level they may remain the same.
• IIa. Conjectures on Internal energy system in living mass: Metabolic energy versus intrinsic gravitational energy: The biomass is one of the most complex energy systems. Basically it possesses a kind of duel energy- gravitational and metabolic. Gravitational field pulls all intrinsic mass together towards its dynamic geometric centre. It is a directional energy and can be termed as if working in a singular energy system. Metabolic energy is a multidimensional energy- works against gravitational energy as plural energy system.
• When contacting surfaces move relative to each other or internal friction (motion-resisting force between the surfaces of the particles) works, the friction converts kinetic energy into thermal energy, or heat, a vital process require for thermogenesis in living organisms. In physiology and medicine, for many clinical purposes, the body surface area (BSA) is a better indicator of metabolic mass. Various calculations have been published to arrive at the BSA without direct measurement, starting in 1916 with the Dubois & Dubois formula, Boyd's Formula,1935, Gehan EA and George SL in 1970 for cancer chemotherapy, Haycock GB, Schwartz GJ, Wisotsky DH formula (in children) 1978, Mosteller RD formula published in 1987, National Cancer Institute formula- all are based on weight and height. The amount of fluids to be administered through human intra-venous is determined through calculation of body surface area (BSA). As per Mosteller formula, BSA in m2 = √weight (kg) X height (cm)/3600. "Normal" BSA is generally taken to be 1.7 m²: Average for men being 1.9; women-1.6; 9 years child-1.07;10 years child-1.14; 12-13 years child-1.33; neonate- 0.25; 2 year old child- 0.5 m2 respectively. As weight (mass or gravitational force) cannot be a component of ‘area’, we assume that part of the calculation is embraced considering contribution of mass in the non-accelerated reference frame that move in non-aligned or in opposite direction with respect to accelerated frame of self gravitating biomass and inertial reference frame. Therefore calculation needs re-examination in the light of self gravitation bio. {Ref: 25 Mosteller RD. Simplified Calculation of Body Surface Area. N Engl J Med. 1987 Oct 22;317(17):1098. (letter); DuBois D, DuBois EF. A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known. Arch Int Med 1916 17:863-71; Haycock GB, Schwartz GJ, Wisotsky DH. Geometric method for measuring body surface area: A height weight formula validated in infants, children and adults. The Journal of Pediatrics 1978 (93):1:62-66.; Gehan EA, George SL. Estimation of human body surface area from height and weight. Cancer Chemother Rep 1970 54:225-35.;Boyd E. The growth of the surface area of the human body. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1935. (From: http://www.ispub.com/journals/IJA/Vol2N2/bsa.htm);.........}
• When any extraneous or ambient gravitational energy system works on it or it is exposed to external medium, directional energy gets converted into multidirectional energy. At that state, it should be treated as plural energy system and better to term as gravitational exergy. Exergy is not considered to be a form of energy but a designation of the quality of energy in mechanical engineering. Exergy of a system can be taken as the maximum work possible during a process that brings the system into equilibrium. Similarly biomass would experience a net force out of gravitational exergy.
• On the other hand, biomass possesses caloric energy through various biochemical reactions, producing many subforms of metabolic energy. It can be considered as internal energy though it is inherently composed of plural energy system including helmholtz, gibbs and bound energy in addition to cogeneration energy. The helmholtz energy is the part of caloric energy that could be converted into external energy. Gibbs energy is composed of helmholtz energy plus expansion energy. Bound energy is the part of internal energy or caloric energy that cannot be converted into external energy. The bound or nucleus energy however, cannot typically be converted into either inward or outward energy. Cogeneration energy is composed of external energy, caloric energy and electromagnetic energy within the biochemical cell. Thus metabolic energy is a multidirectional plural energy. For instance, food is a form of internal energy and cannot be entirely converted into muscle energy, which is a form of external energy. Muscle working against intrinsic or extraneous gravitational energy, depend on the placement of muscle in the body. Cardiac muscle works primarily against intrinsic gravitational energy to pump in and pump out, whereas leg muscle work mainly against extrinsic gravitational energy. If step by step meticulous calculation is made on total energy balance of biomass in question, separating gravitational and metabolic energy, there may be two types of energy superimposed on one another- part of the directional forms of energy inward due to intrinsic gravitational energy and other due to outward metabolic energy. The net force in the total system would be in equilibrium state of exergy. Bioenergetics during growth would be an unequal but opposite entity of self-gravity reinforced by extrinsic gravity.
• Due to inherent clumsy situation in energy balance in biomass, relationship between mass and metabolic energy of the living organism remains controversial for last 150 years. Max Rubner (1880) reported that mammalian basal metabolic rate (BMR) was proportional to mass (M 2/3). Max Kleiber (1932), supported by Brody (1945) modified proportionality to (M3/4) in organisms ranging from simple unicells to plants and endothermic vertebrates. Warm blooded, cold blooded and unicellular animals fit on different curves. Kleiber’s famous mouse-to-elephant curve and quarter-power scaling is often regarded as ubiquitous in biology. Harris-Benedict equation of 1919 calculates total heat production at complete rest based on weight, stature (height), and age, and with the difference in basal metabolic rate (BMR) for men and women being mainly due to differences in body weight. MD Mifflin and ST St Jeor in 1990 created new equation with +5 for males and −161 for female or Katch-McArdle formula based on lean body mass in kilogram with woman whom, for example, has a body fat percentage of 30%, BMR would be 1262 kcal per day. To calculate daily calorie needs, this BMR value is multiplied by a factor with a value between 1.2 and 1.9, depending on the person's physical activity level (PAL). Basal metabolic rate (ml of O2 per hour) at rest is proportional to intrinsic gravitational energy, whereas energy expenditure due to physical activity would be proportional to extrinsic gravitational energy. {Ref: Harris J, Benedict F (1918). "A Biometric Study of Human Basal Metabolism". Proc Sci U S a 4 (12): 370–3. doi:10.1073/pnas.4.12.370. PMID 16576330. Rubner, M. (1883) Zeitschrift fur Biologie 19, 536–562.; Kleiber, M. (1932) Hilgardia 6, 315–353.; Brody, S. (1945) Bioenergetics and Growth (Reinhold, New York)..........................}.
III. Binding force in biological particle hierarchy
• In contrast to acceleration due to gravity on earth (g value 980 dyne/gram), theoretical calculation1 shows that exertion of gravitational forces which follows inverse square law gets increased from 0.0007 to 6.6726 dynes when quantity in two masses increase from 10-4 to 10-2 grams under same separation distance of 10-6centimeter (Table 1). Similarly when separation distance is decreased from 10-6 centimeter to 10-10 centimeter for the same two masses of 10-4 grams each, the gravitational force is increased from 0.0007 to 66,726 dyne (Table 2). Thus it seems that gravitational force is stronger at nano level than at micron scale. On the other hand, domain of various binding forces operating in biological particle pyramid is not yet clear. If we spell out a sketch in ten-storied particle-pyramid of biological body {viz. (i) electron, proton, neutron (ii) atoms (iii) molecules (iv)compounds (v) organelles (vi) cells (vii) tissues (viii) organs (ix) organ systems and (x) organism /individual}, we may find that sixth stair onward, particle pyramid is considered as living. The short range nuclear force is stronger below atomic level and it is electrically neutral. At atomic level (say, at 10-12 cm), the gravitational force though exists between two atoms, it is too weak to hold them together. A medium range electrostatic force is stronger up to compound or equivalent levels. Like an atom, a molecule is also electrically neutral. However it may have non-uniform distribution of positive and negative charges (e.g. in a non-polar molecule, centre of mass of positive and negative charges do not coincide where it is so in case of polar molecules). A polar molecule induces electric dipole moment in neighboring molecules which results in force of attraction. But various products of biological mass (viz. CO2, H2, N2 etc.) are mostly non-polar and the force of attraction between molecules varies inversely as seventh power (r7) of the distance between them. Hence, it is a natural question, there should be a binding force beyond organelles or cell level, that can prevent living organism from disintegrating into pieces. Gravity is the basic binding force of the universe. As such at higher levels of particle pyramid in the hierarchy, there is chance that gravitational force may be stronger than others, and can act as binding force after increase in mass through passing of age and fall in non-storable metabolic energy or electrostatic bioenergetics in time-bound biological system.{Ref: Riley Newman Current Searches for non-Newtonian Gravity at Sub-mm Distance Scales, University of California at Irvine:rdnewman@uci.edu; IN SEARCH OF NON-NEWTONIAN GRAVITY, Exploration of gravity in micron distance scale with nanomechanical oscillators; nano.bu.edu/gravity1-b.htm u.edu/gravity1-b.htm; S. J. Smullin, A. A. Geraci, D. M. Weld, J. Chiaverini, A. Kapitulnik: Measuring Gravity on Small Length Scales: www.stanford.edu/group/kgb/Research/gravity2.html}
Table 1.Examples of increase in gravitational force with increase in mass
under same separation distance in miniature scale27
Mass (gm)1 Mass (gm) 2 Distance cm Gravitational force F dyne
0.0001 0.0001 0.000001 0.0007
0.001 0.001 0.000001 0.0667
0.01 0.01 0.000001 6.6726
Table 2. Examples of increase in gravitational force under same mass
but with decrease in separation distance in miniature scale.
Mass (gm)1 Mass (gm) 2 Distance cm Gravitational force F dyne
0.0001 0.0001 0.000001 0.0007
0.0001 0.0001 0.00000001 7
0.0001 0.0001 0.0000000001 66,726
27. Waiker, John: Howstuffworks- Bending Spacetime in the Basement:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Bending+spacetime+in+the+Basement&btnG=Search&hl=en&rlz=1T4SPDA_enIN219IN220 (1997) cited 11 July 2007
Conclusions
From the discussion above, it is evident that self gravity in biological mass cannot be ignored. Therefore it is contemplated to provide focus attention to the under mentioned items of study for in depth analysis to understand the whole gamut of the biomechanics of intrinsic gravity:
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